Lyme disease is an infection caused by a spiral-shaped bacterium . It's most commonly spread by a tick bite. The disease takes its name from Lyme, CT. This is where the illness was first identified in the U.S. in 1975.

Lyme disease is a year-round problem in many parts of the U.S. and elsewhere. But April through October is generally the most active tick season. Cases of Lyme disease have been reported in nearly all states in the U.S. and in large areas in Europe and Asia. But the most common areas are the Northeast, upper Midwest, and northwestern states.

Lyme disease is caused by bacteria that is spread to humans by tick bites. The ticks that carry the bacteria are:

• Black-legged deer tick (northeastern, mid-Atlantic, and North Central U.S.).
• Western black-legged tick (Pacific coastal U.S.).

Ticks prefer to live in wooded areas, low-growing grasslands, and yards. Not all ticks carry the Lyme disease bacteria. Depending on the location, anywhere from less than 1 in 100 to more than half of the ticks are infected with it.

While most tick bites are harmless, several species can cause life-threatening diseases. Tick-borne diseases include:

• Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
• Lyme disease.
• Anaplasmosis.
• Babesiosis.
• Colorado tick fever.
• Powassan encephalitis.
• Tularemia.
• Ehrlichiosis.
• Relapsing fever.

Factors that can raise your risk for getting Lyme disease include:

• Working or spending time outdoors in grassy areas where tick are found.
• Having pets that can bring the ticks into the home.

Many people infected with the Lyme bacteria will never have symptoms. Their bodies will cure the infection without needing any treatment. If the infection causes symptoms, the following are the most common ones that people have. They vary based on how long the person has had the infection.

The most common early symptom is a red rash called erythema migrans. It looks like a bull's-eye with an expanding red ring around a clear ring. Also it:

• Can appear several days to weeks after infection. It present in 80% of people with Lyme. It is usually close to the site of the tick bite, but it doesn't have to be.
• Can last up to several weeks.
• Tends to grow quickly and can grow very large (up to 12 inches across).
• Can itch or feel hot, or may not be felt at all.
• The bull's-eye rash, when present, is pathognomonic for Lyme disease. No further diagnostic testing is required and treatment is required.

When the bull's-eye rash is present, no further diagnostic testing for Lyme Disease is required and treatment is required.

The rash may soon be accompanied by flu-like symptoms, such as:

• Headache.
• Stiff neck.
• Aches and pains in muscles and joints.
• Low-grade fever and chills.
• Tiredness (fatigue).
• Poor appetite.
• Swollen glands.

Weeks to months after the bite, you may develop:

• Nervous system symptoms, including inflammation (meningitis) and weakness and paralysis of a facial nerve (Bell palsy).
• Heart problems, including inflammation of the heart (myopericarditis) and problems with heart rate.
• Eye problems, including inflammation (for example, red eye).
• A rash of small oval lesions on the face, arms and legs.

Months to a few years after a bite, you may have:

• Inflammation of the joints (arthritis).
• Nervous system symptoms, such as numbness in the arms or legs, tingling and pain, and trouble with speech, memory, and concentration.

.

Sometimes diagnosing Lyme disease can be hard. The symptoms may seem like other health problems. It may also not be known if the person was exposed to ticks.

Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms, particularly the typical rash of Lyme disease, along with a history of a known or possible tick bite. At the time of the first rash, blood testing is still negative and not helpful. For later symptoms, blood testing is done to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions. If you have nervous system symptoms or joint swelling, your healthcare provider may test spinal or joint fluid for Lyme antibodies or the bacteria.

The symptoms of Lyme disease may look like other health problems. And other problems can be mistakenly diagnosed as Lyme disease. Always talk with doctor for a correct diagnosis.

Treatment depends on the stage of lyme disease, whether it involves the nervous system, and how severe it is.

Lyme disease in the earliest stage is treated with antibiotics for 2 to 3 weeks. Later stages may need up to 4 to 8 weeks of antibiotics. Doxycycline is the most common antibiotic used. In some cases, you may need to take amoxicillin, cefuroxime, or ceftriaxone. For severe neurologic disease, patients will receive IV antibiotics,

Treatment will also be considered based on these and other factors:

• If you are bitten by a tick and have any of the symptoms
• If you are bitten by a tick and are pregnant
• If you are bitten by a tick and live in a high-risk area
• What kind of tick you are bitten by
• If the tick has taken a blood meal (engorged)
• How long the tick has likely been on your body

Lyme disease affects people differently. Many people with Lyme disease are diagnosed early and cured by their first treatment. Relapse and incomplete treatment are unusual. But you can be reinfected after treatment if you are bitten by another tick. This is by far the most common reason for repeated infection.

Even untreated, most people with the infection will cure it on their own and never develop complications. Untreated, complications that can occur later may include:

• Joint infection, usually involving a single large joint, such as the knee.
• Nervous system disease, including meningitis and encephalitis.
• Heart inflammation (myopericarditis).

Rarely, these complications can result in chronic, debilitating conditions.

Some people may develop post-Lyme disease syndrome (PLDS). It may cause lasting musculoskeletal and peripheral nerve pain, fatigue, and memory problems without an active infection. Taking more rounds of antibiotics doesn't help.

People aren't able to become immune to Lyme disease. So even if you've had Lyme disease, you can get it again. No vaccine currently is available to prevent the disease in humans.

To help prevent Lyme disease, follow these guidelines.

Dress to prevent and identify tick bites by wearing:

• Light-colored clothing.
• Long-sleeved shirts.
• Socks and closed-toe shoes.
• Long pants with legs tucked into socks.

Look for ticks often on:

• All joints, such as behind the knees, between fingers and toes, and on underarms.
• Other areas where ticks are commonly found, such as on the belly button, neck, hairline, top of the head, and in and behind the ears.
• Areas of pressure points, including anywhere that clothing presses tightly on the skin.

If you find a tick:

• Don't touch the tick with your bare hand.
• Use a pair of tweezers to remove the tick. Grab the tick firmly by its mouth or head as close to your skin as possible.
• Pull up slowly and steadily without twisting until it lets go. Don't squeeze the tick, and don't use petroleum jelly, solvents, knives, or a lit match to kill the tick.
• Save the tick. Place it in a plastic container or bag so it can be identified if needed.
• Wash the bite area well with soap and water and put an antiseptic lotion or cream on the site.
• Call your doctor to find out about follow-up care. If the tick is found within the first 72 hours after the tick bite, a single dose of doxycycline may be prescribed to help prevent Lyme disease.
• Most experts don't recommend that the tick be tested for the Lyme bacteria. If negative, this testing is not always accurate. If testing is positive for the germ, it doesn't mean you were infected.

Strongly consider using repellents. Remember to use all repellents safely.

• Use a product with DEET or Picardin or other products approved to repel ticks.
• Products that have permethrin can be sprayed only on clothing, not on your skin.

These other methods may also help:

• Shower after all outdoor activities are over for the day. This may wash away ticks before they become fully attached to your skin. A tick crawling on you but not attached is not a risk.
• Check pets and children for ticks.

If your symptoms get worse or you have new symptoms, let your doctor know.

• Lyme disease is an infection caused by bacteria.
• Many people infected with the Lyme bacteria will never have symptoms and may cure it on their own without treatment.
• Lyme disease, if symptomatic, usually starts with a rash that's often described as a "bull's-eye."
• Lyme disease is generally easy to diagnose based on symptoms and a history of a tick bite or exposure. Blood tests may also be used, and rarely, spinal fluid or joint fluid may be tested.
• Lyme disease in the earliest stage is usually treated with antibiotics for 2 to 3 weeks. Some people develop complications if the infection is not found early.
• People aren't able to become immune to Lyme disease. You can get it again if you get another tick bite.
• Preventing tick bites is the best prevention for Lyme disease. If a tick is found on your body in the first 72 hours, your doctor may give you a preventive antibiotic.

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your dpctor:

• Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.
• Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
• Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your doctor tells you.
• At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your doctor gives you.
• Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed and how it will help you. Also know what the side effects are.
• Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.
• Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
• Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
• If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
• Know how you can contact your doctor if you have questions.